Partial qualifications involve the awarding of certifications at different stages of study progression. For instance, after the first year, students may receive a certification; after the second year, a diploma; upon completion of the third year, a general degree; and finally, after the fourth year, an honors degree.

Startups are typically in the early stages of developing and testing their business model, while small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) are more established and have a proven business model for several years.

ESG is a set of considerations, including environmental issues (E), social issues (S), and corporate governance (G) that can be considered in the valuation of, and investment in, firms. Each component of ESG represent the three main areas that companies globally are ideally expected to report and disclose. Rating agencies like Thomson Reuters typically use both firm data and external data to score firms’ ESG performance.

Panopticon is a futuristic technocratic state. The government has discovered a technology which can quantify and measure, with certainty, the happiness levels of every single living unit within its borders at any given point in time. It can also identify groups that are likelier to experience happiness.

Cosmic horror is a genre defined by the terror of confronting the unknown and the incomprehensible. Popularized by H.P. Lovecraft, cosmic horror stories emphasize the fear that arises from encountering forces beyond human understanding. Lovecraft's creation, Cthulhu, epitomizes this fear as an ancient, cosmic entity that defies explanation and instills dread in those who encounter it. In cosmic horror, the true horror lies in not knowing what lurks in the shadows or what malevolent forces are at play. On the contrary, cosmic horror stories that incorporate themes of hope provide a glimmer of optimism towards the conclusion (i.e. in "Dark" where the lead characters found a safe bunker).

Resume virtues are the virtues you bring to the marketplace. Examples include soft and hard skills like leadership, confidence, negotiation, problem-solving, and technical skills. On the other hand, eulogy virtues are the ones that are talked about at your funeral. Examples are kindness, bravery, faithfulness, and capability to deeply love.

Scriptures refer to writings that are regarded as holy in a particular religion (e.g., the Bible in Christianity, Quran in Islam, the Vedas in Hinduism). Scriptural inerrancy implies that holy writings contain neither material errors nor internal contradictions in the original writings.

Climate change litigation, also known as climate litigation, is an emerging body of environmental law using legal practice to set case law precedents to further climate change mitigation efforts from public institutions, such as governments and companies.